====== Pubnix History ======

Public access unix systems are part of a tradition more than sixty years old: strangers sharing a single computer and building community on it. Adapted from the [[https://github.com/brennanbrown/tilde|tilde repo]] wiki.

===== Timesharing Was Social From the Start =====

CTSS, the first [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-sharing|timesharing]] system (1961), was built to share an expensive machine efficiently, but users immediately used it to socialize: by 1965 it had ''WHO'' and ''MAIL''. The ''finger'' command appeared on a DEC-10 in 1971 and reached unix in 1980; the first bulletin board program ran on PLATO in 1973. That same year, [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Memory|Community Memory]] put a public terminal in a Berkeley record store: arguably the first publicly accessible computerized bulletin board.

Unix itself (1969) was designed for collaborative work, which is why even early systems shipped with ''who'', ''write'', and ''talk''. None of these tools ever went away; they went quiet.

===== The Dial-Up Era: BBSes and the First Pubnixes =====

In the early 1980s, home computers and modems made remote socializing available to anyone with a phone line. Most systems ran BBS software, but a few hobbyists opened entire unix machines to the public. A 1987 "nixpub" list on Usenet counted 35 sites, and passed 100 by 1990. Notable systems of the era:

  * **Eskimo North** (1982 BBS roots, Washington): still running
  * **M-Net / Arbornet** (Ann Arbor): influential conferencing system; dissatisfaction with its management later produced Grex
  * **Cleveland Free-Net** (1986): the first [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-net|free-net]], inspiring community computing projects in dozens of cities
  * **Nyx** (1987, Denver): free public unix known for surviving early free-speech controversies
  * **Panix** (1989, NYC): commercial but community-minded, still operating
  * **The World** (''world.std.com'', 1989): often credited as the first commercial dial-up ISP, built on shell access
  * **Grex** (1991, Ann Arbor): member-owned cooperative formed by users who left M-Net, planned over pot-luck dinners
  * **SDF** (June 16, 1987): began as an Apple IIe BBS called "SDF-1," a Dallas anime fan board named for //Super Dimension Fortress Macross//. When ''killer.dallas.tx.us'', the pubnix that inspired its founders, was shut down in the 1990 [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Sundevil|Operation Sundevil]] raids, SDF became a public access unix itself. It has run continuously since, the oldest pubnix still running. See [[tilde:sdf|SDF]].

===== The Web Interruption =====

The mid-90s web adopted the tilde idiom for itself: ''isp.net/~user'' was the first personal web, where ''~'' meant "here is a person" long before ''@'' did. Cheap hosting, GeoCities, blogging platforms, and then social media replaced shell accounts for most people. The old pubnixes kept running anyway, collecting decades of homepages and in-jokes.

===== The 2014 Revival =====

In October 2014, writer Paul Ford registered ''tilde.club'', tweeted that he would give anyone a shell account, and woke up to hundreds of requests. His essay [[https://medium.com/message/tilde-club-i-had-a-couple-drinks-and-woke-up-with-1-000-nerds-a8904f0a2ebf|"I had a couple drinks and woke up with 1,000 nerds"]] spread the idea; the waitlist reached five figures.

Days later, on October 11, 2014, ~vilmibm opened [[https://tilde.town/|tilde.town]] for everyone locked out of club, with deliberately different goals: welcoming to the less technical, no user cap, community first and technology second. Town's founder published a [[https://github.com/nathanielksmith/puppet-tilde|puppet module]] so anyone could start a tilde, and they did: the [[tilde:tildeverse|tildeverse]] now spans dozens of servers.

The revival also brought old protocols back into daily use: gopher never left, finger came back for fun, and in 2019 Solderpunk launched gemini, a new protocol deliberately smaller than the web.

===== What Each Server Represents =====

^ Server ^ Era ^
| [[tilde:sdf|sdf]] | The ancestor: a pubnix since 1987 |
| [[tilde:club|club]] | The origin of the 2014 revival |
| [[tilde:start|town]] | The community-first approach: intentional, tool-rich |
| [[tilde:pink|pink]] | The smol web: gemini/gopher-first publishing |
| [[tilde:cosmic|cosmic]] | The themed pubnix: accounts exist to write a shared sci-fi story |
| [[tilde:envs|envs]] | The popular all-rounder: minimal ethos, long service list |
| [[tilde:green|green]] | The newest wave: a 2022 tilde still finding its shape |
| [[tilde:rwrs|rwrs]] | The DIY fringe: an open-source tilde anyone can clone |

===== Further Reading =====

  * [[https://github.com/cwmccabe/pubnixhist|Pubnix History Project]]: ongoing documentation
  * [[https://tilde.town/~vilmibm/town.html|~vilmibm's town history]] and [[https://tilde.town/~vilmibm/thoughts/year3.html|third-birthday retrospective]]
  * [[http://snh.freeshell.org/sdf30/|SDF's 30-year retrospective]] and the [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SDF_Public_Access_Unix_System|SDF Wikipedia entry]]
  * [[https://grex.org/history.xhtml|Grex's history]], a member-owned pubnix from 1991

===== See Also =====

  * [[tilde:start|tilde.town]]
  * [[tilde:tildeverse|The Tildeverse]]
  * [[tilde:sdf|SDF]]
  * [[tilde:join|Joining a Tilde]]
  * [[tilde:glossary|Glossary]]
  * [[start|Return to wiki home]]